Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia occurs when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted, causing brain cells to be deprived of oxygen and nutrients. This is most commonly caused by strokes (including small, unnoticed strokes) or conditions that damage the blood vessels in the brain. It is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease.

The symptoms of vascular dementia can vary depending on which part of the brain is affected. Some people experience difficulties with planning, organising, and concentrating, while memory may remain relatively intact in the early stages. Others may notice slowed thinking, confusion, or trouble finding the right words. Mood changes, including depression and emotional ups and downs, are also common.

Unlike Alzheimer's disease, which tends to progress gradually, vascular dementia can sometimes develop suddenly after a major stroke, or it may progress in noticeable steps, with periods of stability followed by sudden declines. In some cases, a person may have both vascular dementia and Alzheimer's — this is called mixed dementia.

Managing the underlying causes of vascular dementia is an important part of care. This may include controlling blood pressure, managing diabetes, maintaining a healthy diet, staying physically active, and not smoking. These steps may help slow further damage to the brain's blood vessels.

For families, understanding vascular dementia helps you recognise that sudden changes in ability may be related to the condition rather than something your loved one is doing intentionally. A calm, structured daily routine with clear tasks and gentle reminders can help your loved one navigate each day with confidence.